Certified Nursing Assistant Easy and Fun Tutorial Part Seventeen
********Adrenal Sex Hormones
Adrenal sex hormones are produced in the cortex of the adrenals.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are in the adrenal medulla and are chemicals that are released at the synapses of sympathetic nerves. They also dilate the airway and increase breathing rate.
Pancreas is also an exocrine gland it releases digestive juices rich in enzymes.
Islets of Langerhans are in the pancreas and they produce glucagon and insulin. The amount of insulin decreases when the blood level of glucose increases. When the sugar level is low = the insulin level is low.
Normal blood glucose level is 80-120 milligrams per cent.
*******What Does Insulin Do?
Insulin grabs glucose
Goes into the cell metabolism
Brings the sugar down to normal
Sends off glucagon
Goes to the liver
(I wish I could write a real haiku about that but hey I tried!)
Hormones produced by the thyroid T3 and T4 and calcitonin.
Hormonal responses to things are that hormones regulate the metabolic activity of the body. Hormones are responsible for growth in the pituitary gland and epinephrine and another example of a hormone is the flight or fight syndrome.
********Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism, and Hypoparathyroidism
In hypothyroidism, the metabolism is slowed down.
“Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck just below the voice box (larynx). It releases hormones that control metabolism.
The most common cause of hypothyroidism is inflammation of the thyroid gland, which damages the gland's cells. Autoimmune or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, is the most common example of this.
Some women develop hypothyroidism after pregancy (often referred to as "postpartum throiditis").The purpose of treatment is to replace the thyroid hormone that is lacking.” From http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000353.htm
In hypothyroidism the metabolism is slowed down and the pulse is below normal. The person with hypothyroidism will gain weight easily and there is also menorrhagia or heavy menstrual bleeding in women.
The face of someone with hypothyroidism shows periorbital edema which are puffy sacs under the eyes and dry skin.
In hyperthyroidism or Graves Disease the person has bug eyes and a rapid heart rate and there is over stimulation of the gland by the pituitary hormone TSH.
Hyperthyroidism is over stimulation of the gland by the pituitary hormone TSH. Hyperthyroidism is not hereditary and may appear spontaneously after emotional shock or infection, especially a respiratory infection.
Hyperparathyroidism the parathyroid is pushing out PTH and it is taking calcium from the bones and is putting it into the bloodstream.
“parathyroid hormone
A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body.” From http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=PTH
You have to start taking calcium with vitamin D at age 35 or else you start losing calcium in your bones. Caltrate with vitamin D is good.
Too much calcium in the blood means abnormalities of the nervous and muscle tissues including the heart which ends up in jerky movements and twitches.
Hypoparathyroidism is removing too much of the parathyroid surgically. When the blood calcium is low, the phosphorus level is high and causes tetany. Tetany is hyperactivity of the muscles and the muscles are spasmodic.
The treatment for tetanus is oral supplements of calcium and vitamin D. Too little calcium equals tetany and possible seizures.
When you work in a hospital you see people with breathing problems and a round back and barrel chests from smoking cigarettes for years.
*******What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes Mellitus or DM Type 1 is Juvenile Onset Diabetes. These patients are insulin dependent and their body makes little or no insulin and they must receive insulin by injection. IDDM are patients diagnosed under the age of 30.
NIDDM or Type 2 is Adult Onset Diabetes. These patients respond to oral medications or insulin. 80% to 90% of all diabetic patients have NIDDM.
The body may produce a normal amount of insulin and cannot use it and the patient may need to take oral medication or insulin. This type of diabetes can occur past the age of 40. There is no cure for diabetes it must be controlled by diet, exercise, and medication.
If a diabetic person exercises more than what they would normally that can also put them into an insulin shock.
What is the complication a diabetic has the most? They can get hyperglycemic by not following their diets.
The pancreas is what carbohydrate metabolism is all about.
All images on this intel are from Photobucket.com
